The expression of thought between positive freedom and negative freedom: challenges imposed by 'digital populism'

Abstract

This article aims to analyze freedom of expression considering the concepts of positive freedom and negative freedom, considering the context of intense information flow to which individuals are subjected. As will be shown, freedom of expression, although a fundamental right, is subject to instruments of direct and indirect influence that can undermine it. A literature review was conducted of the theoretical frameworks. The theoretical frameworks used to understand the problem are Isaiah Berlin’s concepts of freedom, Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism regarding freedom of expression and the new forms of 21st-century digital populism, based on the reflections of Giuliano da Empoli. The phenomenon of intensified information flow will also be analyzed within a context where expressed public opinion can be subject to both manipulation and censorship, drawing on Bonavides. The intended contribution is to raise questions (without necessarily providing definitive answers) that the democratic rule of law faces in the 21st century.