Keywords
Human-Robot Interaction
Privacy
Robot
How to Cite
Abstract
Assistive Social Robotics (SARs) refers to robots that assist human users. With technological advances and studies in Generative Artificial Intelligence, new research and projects in SARs are being developed. The OpenTera framework currently does not encompass the potential of these technologies to facilitate SARs' development. Additionally, it does not include specific conversation modules, which are essential for the robot's social functions. The objective of this study is to make adaptations to the OpenTera framework to incorporate the benefits of using the ChatGPT API in SARs' development. We also take into analysis the privacy threat involved in the design of such a prototype. The study and development were carried out by a mobile application in Flutter, using libraries for automatic speech recognition and speech production, which communicates with the ChatGPT API to respond to user queries. The study's results led to the development of a new module for adapting the OpenTera framework. Considering the results, the new module can be added to the framework, making it more adequate, with an integrated SARs module powered by generative artificial intelligence. This is an interdisciplinary and original study between Law and Computer Science, in which the results show that privacy and personal data are vulnerable to the use of new technologies.
References
Aldarmaki, H. et al., Unsupervised Automatic Speech Recognition: A Review, 139 Speech Commc’n 76 (2022).
Barrett, Lindsey & Ilaria Liccardi, Accidental Wiretaps: The Implications of False Positives by Always-Listening Devices for Privacy Law & Policy, 74 Okla. L. Rev. 79 (2021).
Bartneck, C. et al., Human-Robot Interaction: An Introduction (Cambridge Univ. Press 2020).
Bohm, Allison S. et al., Privacy and Liberty in an Always-On, Always-Listening World, 19 Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev. 1 (2017).
Bregant, Cristian, Azure Speech Recognition: Implementation of Azure Cognitive Speech Recognition for Flutter, GitHub (2020), https://github.com/cristianbregant/azure_speech_recognition.
Buitelaar, J.C., Post-Mortem Privacy and Informational Self-Determination, 19 Ethics & Info. Tech. 129 (2017).
Chaves, A.P. & M.A. Gerosa, How Should My Chatbot Interact? A Survey on Social Characteristics in Human–Chatbot Interaction Design, 37 Int’l J. Hum.–Computer Interaction 729 (2021).
Chatzimichali, Anna, Ross Harrison & Dimitrios Chrysostomou, Toward Privacy-Sensitive Human-Robot Interaction: Privacy Terms and Human-Data Interaction in the Personal Robot Era, 12 Paladyn J. Behav. Robotics 160 (2020).
Cheng, Peng & Utz Roedig, Personal Voice Assistant Security and Privacy: A Survey, 110 Proc. IEEE 476 (2022).
Chow, Ka-Ho et al., Personalized Privacy Protection Mask Against Unauthorized Facial Recognition, in European Conf. on Computer Vision 434 (Springer 2024).
Chuwy’s, Chuwy’s GIF, Giphy (2019), https://giphy.com/gifs/XAyRXqH8LZwtyI8BU7.
Collins, S.H.E., Try Bard and Share Your Feedback, Google Blog (2023), https://blog.google/technology/ai/try-bard/.
Dart, HTTP: A Composable Future-Based Library for Making HTTP Requests, GitHub (2018), https://github.com/dart-lang/http.
Feil-Seifer, David & Maja J. Mataric, Defining Socially Assistive Robotics, in Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Rehabilitation Robotics 465 (2005).
Fel, Flutter Azure TTS: Flutter Implementation of Microsoft Azure Cognitive Text-To-Speech API, GitHub (2021), https://github.com/ghuyfel/flutter_azure_tts.
Flutter, Flutter Install, Docs.Flutter.dev (2023), https://docs.flutter.dev/get-started/install/windows.
FTC, FTC and DOJ Charge Amazon with Violating Children’s Privacy Law by Keeping Kids’ Alexa Voice Recordings Forever, Fed. Trade Comm’n (2023).
Google, Pub.dev: Official Package Repository for Dart and Flutter Apps, Google (2017), https://pub.dev/.
Google, Download Android Studio, Google (2023), https://developer.android.com/studio.
Google, Speech-to-Text Pricing, Google Cloud (2023), https://cloud.google.com/speech-to-text/pricing.
Haddadin, Sami, Alin Albu-Schäffer & Gerd Hirzinger, Safe Physical Human-Robot Interaction: Measurements, Analysis and New Insights, in Robotics Research: The 13th Int’l Symposium ISRR 395 (Springer 2011).
Hetler, Amanda, What Is ChatGPT?, TechTarget (2023), https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/ChatGPT.
Hildt, Elisabeth, What Sort of Robots Do We Want to Interact With? Reflecting on the Human Side of Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction, 3 Frontiers Comput. Sci. 671012 (2021).
IBM, What Is Speech Recognition?, IBM (2023), https://www.ibm.com/topics/speech-recognition.
Junghans, Felix, Google Speech API for Flutter, GitHub (2021), https://github.com/felixjunghans/google_speech.
Kim, Victoria, Australia Has Barred Everyone Under 16 from Social Media. Will It Work?, N.Y. Times (2024).
Klein, Andreas M. et al., Exploring Voice Assistant Risks and Potential with Technology-Based Users, in Proc. WEBIST 147 (2020).
Lau, Josephine, Benjamin Zimmerman & Florian Schaub, Alexa, Are You Listening? Privacy Perceptions, Concerns and Privacy-Seeking Behaviors with Smart Speakers, 2 Proc. ACM Hum.-Computer Interaction 1 (2018).
Lutton, David, Flutter Text to Speech Package, GitHub (2018), https://github.com/dlutton/flutter_tts.
Menard, Philip, Gregory J. Bott & Robert E. Crossler, User Motivations in Protecting Information Security: Protection Motivation Theory Versus Self-Determination Theory, 34 J. Mgmt. Info. Sys. 1203 (2017).
Microsoft, Download Visual Studio Code, Microsoft (2023), https://code.visualstudio.com/download.
Microsoft, Bing AI Copilot, Microsoft (2023), https://www.microsoft.com/bing.
Microsoft, Speech Services Pricing, Microsoft Azure (2023), https://azure.microsoft.com/pricing/details/cognitive-services/speech-services.
Midjourney, Midjourney, Midjourney (2023), https://www.midjourney.com.
Mhaidli, Abraham et al., Listen Only When Spoken To: Interpersonal Communication Cues as Smart Speaker Privacy Controls, Proc. Privacy Enhancing Techs. (2020).
Natalie, What Is ChatGPT?, OpenAI Help Center (2023), https://help.openai.com.
Ning, Y. et al., A Review of Deep Learning Based Speech Synthesis, 9 Applied Sci. (2019).
OpenAI, API Reference, OpenAI (2023), https://platform.openai.com/docs/api-reference.
OpenAI, DALL-E 2, OpenAI (2023), https://openai.com/dall-e-2.
OpenAI, ChatGPT Documentation, OpenAI (2023), https://platform.openai.com/docs/introduction/overview.
Panchea, A.M. et al., Opentera: A Microservice Architecture Solution for Rapid Prototyping of Robotic Solutions to COVID-19 Challenges in Care Facilities, 12 Health & Tech. 583 (2022).
Park, Namkee et al., Use of Offensive Language in Human-Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Interaction, 121 Computers Hum. Behav. 106795 (2021).
Ren, Y. et al., FastSpeech: Fast, Robust and Controllable Text to Speech, 32 Advances Neural Info. Processing Sys. (2019).
Robotics, Shape Robotics, Shape Robotics GIF, Giphy (2021), https://giphy.com/gifs/oNvolApeRjCKIfIjcb.
Rouvroy, Antoinette & Yves Poullet, The Right to Informational Self-Determination and the Value of Self-Development, in Reinventing Data Protection? 45 (Springer 2009).
Schaar, Peter, Privacy by Design, 3 Identity Info. Soc’y 267 (2010).
Sejnowski, T.J., Large Language Models and the Reverse Turing Test, 35 Neural Computation 309 (2023).
Sheridan, Thomas B., Human-Robot Interaction: Status and Challenges, 58 Hum. Factors 525 (2016).
Software, CSD Corp., Speech-to-Text Flutter Plugin, GitHub (2021), https://github.com/csdcorp/speech_to_text.
Sunstein, Cass R., Nudging: Um Guia (Muito) Resumido, 3 Rev. Estud. Institucionais 1023 (2017).
Tabassum, Madiha et al., Investigating Users’ Preferences and Expectations for Always-Listening Voice Assistants, 3 Proc. ACM Interactive Mobile Wearable Ubiquitous Techs. 1 (2019).
Vieira, Alessandro Diogo, Higor Leite & Ana Vitória Lachowski Volochtchuk, The Impact of Voice Assistant Home Devices on People with Disabilities, 184 Technological Forecasting & Soc. Change 121961 (2022).
Yang, Z., Y. Zhang & J. Luo, Human-Centered Emotion Recognition in Animated GIFs, in IEEE Int’l Conf. Multimedia & Expo 1090 (2019).
Zhang, C. et al., A Complete Survey on Generative AI (AIGC): Is ChatGPT from GPT-4 to GPT-5 All You Need?, arXiv:2303.11717 (2023).
Złotowski, Jakub et al., Anthropomorphism: Opportunities and Challenges in Human-Robot Interaction, 7 Int’l J. Soc. Robotics 347 (2015).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sthéfano Bruno Santos Divino, André de Lima Salgado, Danilo Chagas Clemente, Maria Eduarda Couto Grossi, Rafael Bastos Andrade